http://www.gastechnology.org/tcbiomass2013/Pages/2013-Presentations.aspx
sábado, 30 de novembro de 2013
Fwd: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
Very good bioenergy list gasification expert comments
ᐧ
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Thomas Koch <tk@tke.dk>
Date: Sat, Nov 30, 2013 at 6:34 AM
Subject: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org>, Kevin <kchisholm@ca.inter.net>
Tom
I agree very much to your description of the status of FB gasifiers.
Not real upscaleable to an interesting size - to many operations problems - too big carbon or thermal losses and too dirty gas to real interesting !
The 2 Danish FB biomass gasifier - Pyroneer and Skive are struggling a real lot with gas cleaning.
Do you have any idea of the status of the Viking gasifier development?
I have asked several times if it is possible to visit the plant for over 2 years - or if there is a public report available with a little data?? but no luck sofar.
The last information I have from the project is from linked-in where saw that the only engineer I knew on the project have left this summer.
Best regards
Thomas Koch
-----Oprindelig meddelelse-----
Fra: Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] På vegne af Tom Miles
Sendt: 30. november 2013 07:01
Til: 'Kevin'; 'Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification'
Emne: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
If you want to use the engine exhaust in a gasifier you must consider the heat and material balance for a gasifier and IC engine.
Fuel input 100%
Heat loss in FB gasifier 5%
(Sensible) Heat loss to cooling the gas 25% Cold clean gas efficiency to engine 70% (20% C0, 20% H2, 2% CH4, 12% CO2, 44% N).
Heat conversion in engine ~25%
33% to power (~14-17% fuel to power)
33% to engine jacket heat (17% net)
33% to exhaust. (17% net, mostly CO2 and N)
By injecting exhaust into the gasifier you are recycling a lot of inert gas (CO2, N2) and very little heat. The best use of the exhaust gas heat may be in preconditioning the fuel. Danish Technological University (DTU Viking gasifier, 1990-2010, that is now being commercialized by Weiss) and later All Power Labs (Power Pallet, 2009) have used heat from the exhaust to indirectly dry and pyrolyze incoming fuel. The dried and partially devolatilized wood, along with preheated combustion air, appears to contribute to a stable oxidation zone. Both units make a very good quality gas. These are both fixed bed downdraft gasifiers with pre-pyrolysis zones.
Peak temperatures reach 1000 C-1200 C in the oxidation zone and 800-900C in the reduction zones.
http://www.btgworld.com/en/references/publications/handbook-biomass-gasifica
tion-second-edition
We have worked with many fluidized bed gasifiers in research and in industrial applications, for producer gas, and for synthesis gas. The fluidized bed is an intriguing reactor that has its use in industrial applications but they are expensive to build and operate.
Fluidized bed (FB) gasifiers are unique because distributor plates or nozzles in the bed uniformly distribute the reactant (air, steam) in the sand (or media) bed. It is therefore imperative that the fuel be distributed uniformly for good gasification. This good distribution affords good temperature control as the fuel goes through the exo- and endo- thermic reactions that Kevin described. The ideal arrangement is to feed the fuel into the bed and allow sufficient time (depth) for it to completely react before breaking the surface into the vapor space above the bed. Of course there are variations on fluidized bed reactors such as spouted beds, fast beds, or entrained flow reactors. The latter are used for fast pyrolysis to liquid fuels by companies like Ensyn. I think that Dynamotive is the only company that uses a bubbling bed for pyrolysis. Many of the biomass to liquid reactors consumes the char to drive the process so there is no excess char
When used for gasification fluidized beds can be pretty stable in the
650-750 C range. The higher temperatures are needed to provide thermal inertia when wetter fuel (>20% MC) is used. Higher temperatures are generated by adding oxidants as Kevin has described. Higher vapor space temperatures (750 C) can be achieved by adding air above the bed. The partial oxidation can reduce NOx precursors in the fuel gas. You can think of the heat balance as consuming between 25% and 33% of the fuel to convert the remainder to chemical (producer gas or syngas) and sensible energy.
Producer gas is burned directly in a boiler or reformed for use in engines.
Synthesis gas is usually made using enriched air or oxygen as the reactant or by indirect heating, as in a dual fluid bed. The variety of catalytic reformers used to make synthesis gases can be seen online in the presentations at the TC Biomass 2011 and 2013 conferences.
http://www.gastechnology.org/tcbiomass2013/Pages/2013-Presentations.aspx
There are a few small commercial (50-100 tpd) fluidized bed/entrained flow pyrolyzers that are making specialized products (liquid smoke) for the food industry. In general there are no commercial small scale fluidized bed gasifiers or combustors.
Attempts by US boiler makers and several small entrepreneurs have failed to sustain commercial operation of fluidized bed gasifiers or combustors at the small scale.
Tom Miles
-----Original Message-----
From: Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] On Behalf Of Kevin
Sent: Friday, November 29, 2013 9:23 AM
To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification
Subject: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
Dear Rex
----- Original Message -----
From: "Rex Zietsman" <rex@whitfieldfarm.co.za>
To: <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org>
Sent: Friday, November 29, 2013 4:18 AM
Subject: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
> Kevin,
>
> What you say is correct. However, there is benefit in returning some
> exhaust
> back to gasification as you force a higher production of CO relative to
> CO2
> production. I suspect it is an equilibrium thing...
# For a gasifier having a relatively high exit temperature, then engine
exhaust additions to the gasifier intake air could indeed be a way to both
lower the gasifier exit temperature, and to raise the CO level.
There is a CO/CO2 equilibrium consideration, and also a kinetics or "speed
of reaction" consideration.
Best wishes,
Kevin
>
> Rex
>
>
> ---
> This email is free from viruses and malware because avast! Antivirus
> protection is active.
> http://www.avast.com
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gasification mailing list
>
> to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
> Gasification@bioenergylists.org
>
> to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
>
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenerg
ylists.org
>
> for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:
> http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/
_______________________________________________
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Gasification@bioenergylists.org
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_______________________________________________
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Gasification@bioenergylists.org
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_______________________________________________
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Gasification@bioenergylists.org
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From: Thomas Koch <tk@tke.dk>
Date: Sat, Nov 30, 2013 at 6:34 AM
Subject: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org>, Kevin <kchisholm@ca.inter.net>
Tom
I agree very much to your description of the status of FB gasifiers.
Not real upscaleable to an interesting size - to many operations problems - too big carbon or thermal losses and too dirty gas to real interesting !
The 2 Danish FB biomass gasifier - Pyroneer and Skive are struggling a real lot with gas cleaning.
Do you have any idea of the status of the Viking gasifier development?
I have asked several times if it is possible to visit the plant for over 2 years - or if there is a public report available with a little data?? but no luck sofar.
The last information I have from the project is from linked-in where saw that the only engineer I knew on the project have left this summer.
Best regards
Thomas Koch
-----Oprindelig meddelelse-----
Fra: Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] På vegne af Tom Miles
Sendt: 30. november 2013 07:01
Til: 'Kevin'; 'Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification'
Emne: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
If you want to use the engine exhaust in a gasifier you must consider the heat and material balance for a gasifier and IC engine.
Fuel input 100%
Heat loss in FB gasifier 5%
(Sensible) Heat loss to cooling the gas 25% Cold clean gas efficiency to engine 70% (20% C0, 20% H2, 2% CH4, 12% CO2, 44% N).
Heat conversion in engine ~25%
33% to power (~14-17% fuel to power)
33% to engine jacket heat (17% net)
33% to exhaust. (17% net, mostly CO2 and N)
By injecting exhaust into the gasifier you are recycling a lot of inert gas (CO2, N2) and very little heat. The best use of the exhaust gas heat may be in preconditioning the fuel. Danish Technological University (DTU Viking gasifier, 1990-2010, that is now being commercialized by Weiss) and later All Power Labs (Power Pallet, 2009) have used heat from the exhaust to indirectly dry and pyrolyze incoming fuel. The dried and partially devolatilized wood, along with preheated combustion air, appears to contribute to a stable oxidation zone. Both units make a very good quality gas. These are both fixed bed downdraft gasifiers with pre-pyrolysis zones.
Peak temperatures reach 1000 C-1200 C in the oxidation zone and 800-900C in the reduction zones.
http://www.btgworld.com/en/references/publications/handbook-biomass-gasifica
tion-second-edition
We have worked with many fluidized bed gasifiers in research and in industrial applications, for producer gas, and for synthesis gas. The fluidized bed is an intriguing reactor that has its use in industrial applications but they are expensive to build and operate.
Fluidized bed (FB) gasifiers are unique because distributor plates or nozzles in the bed uniformly distribute the reactant (air, steam) in the sand (or media) bed. It is therefore imperative that the fuel be distributed uniformly for good gasification. This good distribution affords good temperature control as the fuel goes through the exo- and endo- thermic reactions that Kevin described. The ideal arrangement is to feed the fuel into the bed and allow sufficient time (depth) for it to completely react before breaking the surface into the vapor space above the bed. Of course there are variations on fluidized bed reactors such as spouted beds, fast beds, or entrained flow reactors. The latter are used for fast pyrolysis to liquid fuels by companies like Ensyn. I think that Dynamotive is the only company that uses a bubbling bed for pyrolysis. Many of the biomass to liquid reactors consumes the char to drive the process so there is no excess char
When used for gasification fluidized beds can be pretty stable in the
650-750 C range. The higher temperatures are needed to provide thermal inertia when wetter fuel (>20% MC) is used. Higher temperatures are generated by adding oxidants as Kevin has described. Higher vapor space temperatures (750 C) can be achieved by adding air above the bed. The partial oxidation can reduce NOx precursors in the fuel gas. You can think of the heat balance as consuming between 25% and 33% of the fuel to convert the remainder to chemical (producer gas or syngas) and sensible energy.
Producer gas is burned directly in a boiler or reformed for use in engines.
Synthesis gas is usually made using enriched air or oxygen as the reactant or by indirect heating, as in a dual fluid bed. The variety of catalytic reformers used to make synthesis gases can be seen online in the presentations at the TC Biomass 2011 and 2013 conferences.
http://www.gastechnology.org/tcbiomass2013/Pages/2013-Presentations.aspx
There are a few small commercial (50-100 tpd) fluidized bed/entrained flow pyrolyzers that are making specialized products (liquid smoke) for the food industry. In general there are no commercial small scale fluidized bed gasifiers or combustors.
Attempts by US boiler makers and several small entrepreneurs have failed to sustain commercial operation of fluidized bed gasifiers or combustors at the small scale.
Tom Miles
-----Original Message-----
From: Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] On Behalf Of Kevin
Sent: Friday, November 29, 2013 9:23 AM
To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification
Subject: Re: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
Dear Rex
----- Original Message -----
From: "Rex Zietsman" <rex@whitfieldfarm.co.za>
To: <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org>
Sent: Friday, November 29, 2013 4:18 AM
Subject: [Gasification] Fluidised bed reactor
> Kevin,
>
> What you say is correct. However, there is benefit in returning some
> exhaust
> back to gasification as you force a higher production of CO relative to
> CO2
> production. I suspect it is an equilibrium thing...
# For a gasifier having a relatively high exit temperature, then engine
exhaust additions to the gasifier intake air could indeed be a way to both
lower the gasifier exit temperature, and to raise the CO level.
There is a CO/CO2 equilibrium consideration, and also a kinetics or "speed
of reaction" consideration.
Best wishes,
Kevin
>
> Rex
>
>
> ---
> This email is free from viruses and malware because avast! Antivirus
> protection is active.
> http://www.avast.com
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gasification mailing list
>
> to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
> Gasification@bioenergylists.org
>
> to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
>
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenerg
ylists.org
>
> for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:
> http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/
_______________________________________________
Gasification mailing list
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
Gasification@bioenergylists.org
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenerg
ylists.org
for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:
http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/
_______________________________________________
Gasification mailing list
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
Gasification@bioenergylists.org
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org
for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:
http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/
_______________________________________________
Gasification mailing list
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
Gasification@bioenergylists.org
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org
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http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/
ᐧ
domingo, 24 de novembro de 2013
Fwd: sustainable biofloc auaculture
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, Jun 18, 2011 at 11:33 AM
Subject: sustainable biofloc auaculture
To: Mário Cardoso <mcardosozoot@gmail.com>, ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com, "pannirbr.biomassenergybr" <pannirbr.biomassenergybr@blogger.com>, GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>,
SUSTAINABLE BIOFLOC TECHNOLOGY: USING BIOREACTORS TO TREAT AQUACULTURAL EFFLUENTS WHILE PRODUCING BIOFLOCS FOR SHRIMP FEED
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, Jun 18, 2011 at 11:33 AM
Subject: sustainable biofloc auaculture
To: Mário Cardoso <mcardosozoot@gmail.com>, ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com, "pannirbr.biomassenergybr" <pannirbr.biomassenergybr@blogger.com>, GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>,
Aquaculture 2010 - Meeting Abstract
801SUSTAINABLE BIOFLOC TECHNOLOGY: USING BIOREACTORS TO TREAT AQUACULTURAL EFFLUENTS WHILE PRODUCING BIOFLOCS FOR SHRIMP FEED
David Kuhn*, Addison Lawrence, Gregory Boardman, Susmita Patnaik, Lori Marsh, George Flick
*Department of Food Science and Technology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
FST Building (0418), Blacksburg, VA 24061
davekuhn@vt.edu
*Department of Food Science and Technology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
FST Building (0418), Blacksburg, VA 24061
davekuhn@vt.edu
Seafood is the only protein source in the human diet that is still dependent on wild stocks, whether it comes from direct harvests or use of marine meals/oils in aquaculture diets. Experts agree that overexploitation of wild fisheries is becoming more common. Aquaculture has the potential to reduce pressure on wild populations and meet the world demand for seafood. However, significant challenges still remain and need to be overcome before aquaculture becomes more sustainable. This work addresses two problems facing the aquaculture industry, the reliance on large quantities of fresh water and the need to use unsustainable ingredients in aquaculture feeds. Specifically, researchers have investigated the feasibility of recovering and processing bioflocs generated from wastewater treatment devices used in recirculating aquaculture and using this processed biofloc as a protein-rich component for aquaculture feeds. This biofloc technology consists of two major processes: (1) biologically removing pollutants from fish effluent, which increases the feasibility of water reuse, and (2) using the resulting biofloc as a protein-rich ingredient in shrimp feed, thereby reducing other protein requirements (e.g. fishmeal).
Pilot-scale, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and membrane biological reactors (MBRs) were successfully used in this study to remove pollutants in fish effluent from a farm that uses recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Removals (> 85%) of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, organic carbon, and suspended solids exceeded 85% for each parameter. Bioflocs harvested from both of these reactor types proved to be a suitable and often superior ingredient, to soybean protein and fishmeal in lab-scale feeding trials with the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. High quality control diets were compared against experimental diets in 35-day feeding trials. Experimental diets were varied greatly and notable independent variables included complete replacement of soybean protein, two-thirds replacement of fishmeal, and no fish oil. Biofloc inclusion always increased growth rates and ranged from a low average increase of 4% to a high average of 67% over the control diets; the latter percent increase was significant at P < 0.01. Based on the results of our studies, it seems that biofloc technology represents a promising option for sustainability of the aquaculture industry.
Pilot-scale, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and membrane biological reactors (MBRs) were successfully used in this study to remove pollutants in fish effluent from a farm that uses recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Removals (> 85%) of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, organic carbon, and suspended solids exceeded 85% for each parameter. Bioflocs harvested from both of these reactor types proved to be a suitable and often superior ingredient, to soybean protein and fishmeal in lab-scale feeding trials with the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. High quality control diets were compared against experimental diets in 35-day feeding trials. Experimental diets were varied greatly and notable independent variables included complete replacement of soybean protein, two-thirds replacement of fishmeal, and no fish oil. Biofloc inclusion always increased growth rates and ranged from a low average increase of 4% to a high average of 67% over the control diets; the latter percent increase was significant at P < 0.01. Based on the results of our studies, it seems that biofloc technology represents a promising option for sustainability of the aquaculture industry.
Fwd: Ethanol from macro algae
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 9:12 AM
Subject: Ethanol from macro algae
To: ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com, GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 9:12 AM
Subject: Ethanol from macro algae
To: ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com, GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>
-
ilgae.com • Macro-algae to ethanol
www.oilgae.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=36&t... - United States - Cached10 posts - 6 authors - Last post: 4 Mar 2009I want to know about the pretreatments required for macroalgae fermentation. ... Is it possible to get higher yield of ethanol by altering pH or temperature? ...Source:http://www.fitzi.com.au/climatechange.pdf ...
Get more discussion results
-
macroalgae ethanol
www.2dix.org/download/macroalgae-ethanol.html - CachedPDF Description: Press Release Statoil & Bio Architecture Lab Partner to CommercializeMacroalgae-to-Ethanol Process in Norway Statoil to provide direct ...
- [PDF]
Seaweed: A new wave of investment in macro-algae
www.emerging-markets.com/.../AlgaeSeaweed_ANewWaveOfInvestment_...File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View
Macroalgae attracts greater investment for sugar-based ethanol, advanced biofuels, drop-in fuels and biochemicals. Seaweed: A new wave of investment ...
- [PDF]
USO COMERCIAL DE LAS ALGAS
www.bioenergywiki.net/images/a/a4/Morchio_Caceres_MacroalgaeLA.pdfFile Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View
2) to develop biotechnology for the production of ethanol from fermentation of macroalgae. Objectives. * Research, develop and design ± ...
-
Green Car Congress: Japan AIST Researchers Exploring Ethanol ...
www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/aist-macro-20100102.html - CachedJapan AIST Researchers Exploring Ethanol Production from Macro Algae. 2 January 2010. Researchers from the Biomass Technology Research Center at Japan's ...
-
Integrated macroalgae production for sustainable bioethanol ...
by MG Borines
Keywords: macroalgae; biofuel, ethanol; Pacific; energy security ..... gov.ph/biofuelsinfo/downloads/FS%20of%20Sweet%20Sorghum.pdf. [June 26, 2010]. ...
Fwd:
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 9:24 AM
Subject:
To: GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>, ufrngpec@biomassa.eq.ufrn.br, ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com
From: Pannirselvam P.V <pannirbr@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 9:24 AM
Subject:
To: GPECBIOMASS <biomasstech@googlegroups.com>, ufrngpec@biomassa.eq.ufrn.br, ecobusinessnetwork@grouplygroups.com
acro-algae to ethanol
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